Strategic Management Acquisitions and Strategic Alliances

Question: Portray about the Strategic Management for Acquisitions and Strategic Alliances. Answer: Presentation: Oil is a significant factor for the vitality part. The fall in the cost of oil will make a lower level of benefit and spending for the undertakings. The vitality organizations they attempt to keep up a parity. The impact isn't just on the vitality business yet thusly on different ventures also. The drop in the oil cost was very tremendous. The cost of a barrel was 100 dollar for each barrel for West Texas Intermediate (WTI) during first 8months of 2014 and it was 50 dollar a barrel in the period of March 2015. This fall in the cost of oil and flammable gas implies there lower utilization of the penetrating apparatuses in the US. The number declined from 980 in the last quarter to of 2014 to 954 in the mid April 2015 ( Lv and Spigarelli 2015). The number is probably going to decrease as the number the apparatuses are stacked in 2015 once the boring duty is finished. This is the motivation behind why the oil creating nations has decreased their use in the arranged investigations (Hess and Siegwart 2013). The cost of the hydrocarbon could cause a negative inflationary effect which could be increment the degree of buyer spending yet the general impact on the economy is very sadness. To reestablish a solid position, Merger and Acquisition in the vitality part is normal. Clarification of the merger and obtaining bargain in the vitality segment during 2014-2016 through scholastic model: There is a colossal move in the oil business with the fall in the cost of oil as this would impact Mergers and Acquisitions and purchasing and selling of the Assets. In the Middle East the inquiry is primarily centered around the two point of view for example the worldwide expansion methodologies and making long haul local speculation. A few issues should be engaged after during the falling oil cost when they oil division of Middle East they convey on their desire. The requirement for the effectiveness of capital would ascend with the ceaseless fall in the oil cost. PwC repeated it during a review in the 2014 that in spite of the fall in the oil costs, there will be emerge in the spending on the activities as the part has a drawn out vital significance to the national organizations and the administration. The review uncovered that from the seventy five percent of respondents from the contractual workers, engineers, financers and consultants spending on the venture are probably going to ascend in the following a year (Hansen, Foldmand Hansen 2014). The cost of oil has dropped essentially since the review, there would not be change in the task designs as this part holds basic significance to the legislatures of the area, which produces income and business. Models: The mergers and securing in the vitality division is created as far as the arrangements and worth that is executed in contrast with comparable periods a year prior. The falling costs of the item in the upstream segment which caused exchange which is littler. In the US, the securing by Noble, WPX, Exxon and Vangard has been made in the Shale plays. Sequa in Norway and Vedanta in India and enthusiasm by BP in the Siberian Project made the universal buys. There were more contrasts saw in the quantity of arrangements and estimation of the arrangements revealed. The Cameron procurement reported by Schlumberger helped in administration division merger and obtaining exercises (Serdar Dinc and Erel 2013). The eyes getting manages the fall in the oil costs was takeover by Royal Dutch Shells of BG Group for a measure of 47 billion pounds. This a coincidental exchange as the arrangements of upstream has moved towards resources. There has been an ascent in the mergers and securing exercises in t he inexhaustible as there is an interest for the anticipated and ascend in the yield organizations. Sun Edison who supports the two US yield organizations are TerraForm Global and TerraForm Power was the pioneer in the obtaining and of the portfolios from Vivint Solar, Globaleq Mesoamerica Energy, Renova Energis , Atlantic Power and Firstwind (Ptri et al. 2014). The two significant gas utility procurement in the US was the obtaining of Black Hills of Source Gas which work directed petroleum gas utilities and Southern Companies securing of AGL Resources. The energy concerning the mergers and securing are picked up during the downturn when the purchasers they trust that the cost will be brought down and dealers they sit tight for increment. Scholastic Model clarifying the inside and outer components of Merger and Acquisition: The inward and the outside components that will in general influence the mergers and securing in the vitality division is through the SWOT investigation. Through the SWOT examination, there would be appropriate investigation of the interior elements for example the qualities and the shortcoming and outside variables like the chances and the dangers. Interior variables: Quality and Weakness: Economies of scale: The primary intention behind the merger and securing is the Economies of scale. A few cooperative energies are picked up from the takeovers. The merger organizers they will in general refer to the economies of scale as the fundamental working cooperative energies. There are more advantages that is gotten from the economies of scale. The little firms of the vitality area would be participating in the merger and procurement exercises as opposed to the enormous firms so they can appreciate lower cost Financing Issues: Verifiably it has been seen that money most ordinarily makes the securing. This pattern has diminished and financing is done incompletely through money. Hypothesis has is that the administrators with a more noteworthy measure of income are going after for esteem decimating mergers. The administrators with not many chances of venture will utilize the income in the unrewarding activities. It has been seen that the additional measure of money that is held by the European vitality organizations will be utilized in MA to disadvantage long haul interest in the age and the investigation exercises (Fich, Nguyen and Officer 2015). Not at all like that is anticipated by the hypothesis of the free income , firms with even a further extent of income may likewise not take part in the Merger and Acquisition exercises. Outside Factors: Openings and Threats Overabundance Capacity: This industry level attributes help in driving the merger exercises. At the point when the organizations they face a hole in limit of creation then there will decrease in the proficiency of the advantage thus there is a fall in the arrival on the capital that is contributed. For playing out the merger and securing exercises, the organizations with abundance limit they search for combined assets so the issues are settled (Kolk, Lindeque, and Buuse 2013). There are likelihood based models, which will help in understanding whether the organizations they take part in MA or not according to the pre attributes of merger. At the point when the merger is persuaded by the abundance limit then this is a wellspring of economies of scale. Corporate Focus: This a subject very applicable to the merger and securing exercises. The specialist they pay special mind with the impact of a merger. The idea of rivalry will in general shift which would change the key center (Dess 2012). This sort of a system in the vitality business is known as the bury business Merger and Acquisition when join is essentially between the electric and the gas organizations. The vertical and flat mergers show irrelevant changes. Market for corporate control: Through corporate control we mean the rights in the assurance of the corporate assets The takeover showcase is a compelling for of disciplinary technique for the administration of the investor esteem and the ineffectively overseen assets are moved to the proficiently run enterprises. There would be higher Tobins q for MA as acquirers. The low degree of Tobins q of the organizations will be inclined to the objectives (Hill and Jones 2012). Deregulation: Deregulation is a kind of industry stun, which results because of the business combination. The business stun is helps in making the mergers. There is an adjustment in the business when there is change in the structure of the business (Lasserre 2012). Deregulation s a significant factor that drives mergers and acquisitions. Difficulties and the Benefits of Mergers and Acquisition in the Energy area through the scholarly model: With the usage of the methodology of Merger and Acquisition, there have been the two advantages and difficulties looked by the Energy part. The organizations in the United States practice this exceptionally well known technique for a long time. The vitality part is a typical segment as there is vulnerability in the serious condition. This sort of a technique will help the vitality area to accomplish development. The fundamental thought process is to build the estimation of the organizations and this would help in giving more than normal returns and key intensity (Lynch 2012) The term merger and procurement is utilized equivalently yet these are not comparative. Merger is the point at which the two firms they incorporate procedure on same premise. Advantages of Acquisition: There are various explanation with respect to why there are acquisitions in the market of Energy because of the falling cost of oil. The huge firms they procure so they can expand their market control and can sell the great at the serious rate and when the expense of the exercises are lower than that of the contenders (Pitt and Koufopoulos 2012). The vitality firms they assemble their market power. The procurement would include purchasing the merchant, business, provider and contenders. This will help in expanding the intensity of the organizations in the market. With obtaining, there would not be any sort of passage boundaries in the market (Sick et al. 2015). There is new market with the geographic assorted variety The organizations they can get to new items in the market. This is sort of coordinated effort offers lower kind of hazard than that of building up a more up to date kind of item. The inner advancement has a higher disappointment rate. The diversificati

Kodak and Digital Revolution free essay sample

In 1976 Kodak controlled 90% of the film market and 85% of camera deals in the United States. By 1992 the portion of film showcase diminished by 5%. In 1991 they propelled the primary expert advanced camera. In 1998 they burned through $1. 2 billion to two joint endeavors with the Chinese government and by 1999 got number two in advanced cameras in the United States with a 27% piece of the overall industry. In 2001it propelled â€Å"Where it all clicks† topic to animate computerized imaging and in 2002 propelled the primary mass-showcase item for advanced film preparing. By 2003 they controlled most photofinishing exchange in the United States with 15% unfruitful advanced camera advertise. Advanced imaging was a problematic innovation that was rising in mid 80’s and Kodak got visually impaired located by its extraordinary spotlight on existing clients and their needs. They followed a client center technique as opposed to accepting advanced imaging as a troublesome development. Their center was to give items that its current customers need in a financially savvy way. We will compose a custom article test on Kodak and Digital Revolution or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Kodak’s methodology for computerized imaging has been off track and its first advanced item, the â€Å"Photo CD† which was a disappointment. It couldn’t influence upon world’s first electronic picture sensor that they propelled before that was broadly utilized by PC industry around the world. They utilized all systems to the removal however its planning was off track. They utilized Radical to steady development a model is their computerized photography contrasted with Sony’s Then their system moved from union of advanced and film based imaging to selling equipment, for example, computerized cameras and printers by alliancing with PC and electronic industry. This methodology likewise bombed as rivalry was excessively furious by 1995 and net revenues contracted. At that point procedure was changed to picture business and system consumables with at any rate half piece of the pie. These techniques were based to the changing business sector needs and rivalry particularly from Fuji films Kodak is a grandstand for neglecting to enhance; they missed the computerized upset since they were centered around ensuring its center business, customary photographic film. The fact of the matter is extraordinary, however. Kodak was in certainty one of the primary organizations to have taken a shot at advanced imaging it’s not that they were disregarding the computerized insurgency! Today, Kodak is as yet driving computerized imaging, as the organization holds numerous licenses in this field are utilized in items, for example, HP printers. The difficult Kodak manufacturing plant terminations that one can see these days are only the cost to pay to change from one period to the next, from the time when Kodak was a physicist to a time when it is a product organization. For every one of its slip-ups, Kodak is doing what scarcely any organizations have had the option to do. Exercises Learned No uncertainty, Kodak was casualty of the trend-setters predicament. The most prompt takeaway from the fall of Kodak is clear: Don’t be hesitant to tear up your own business for the sake of progress. In any case, Kodak’s powerlessness to make any of its items stand apart throughout the most recent decade is expressive of a general hesitance to advance.

Dorm Life Hacks

Dorm Life Hacks TOP 8 Dorm Room Hacks that Will Save Your Life Home›Tips for Students›TOP 8 Dorm Room Hacks that Will Save Your Life Tips for StudentsDorm Life HacksMoving away from your parents’ home into a dorm room is the first milestone of your adult life. Though exciting it is, it also comes with a lot of stress because living in a dorm means a lot of surprises and unpredictable situations.To be able to adapt to a new life quickly and get the most out of this experience, check out these 8 dorm room hacks:1. Store under your bedDorm rooms are usually small, so you should take the advantage of every storage space. The spot under your bed is perfect for boxes and baskets, which you can use for anything you need to keep away. If you can raise your bed, you’ll be able to fit even bigger objects underneath.2. Binder clips for wiresStudents have a lot of devices and usually those come with wires or chargers. These cords have a tendency to get tangled and clutter the space, but you can solve t his problem with binder clips. They will make all wires neat and quickly accessible.3. Tag the cordsContinuing the topic of cords, it’s really annoying when you accidentally turn off a wrong appliance. To avoid this, put tags on each cord in a power strip. It can also be useful if you and your roommate have the same kind of chargers.4. Freshen the roomUsing candles in dorm rooms is forbidden and air fresheners are usually expensive. However, you can make your room smell fresh by putting dry washed sheets on the fan. The smell of your washing powder and softener will quickly fill the room.5. Cool the roomAnother fan trick is useful for those hot summer days when a simple fan only makes the matters worse. Put a bottle with frozen water in front of it and you’ll increase the flow of cold air tremendously. This simple tip will save you and your roommates even on the hottest day.6. Stock clothes verticallyDrawers can turn into a mess in a blink of an eye, and you need to go through e verything to find the right thing on the bottom. To avoid this, place clothes vertically. After having done this, you’ll clearly see everything that a drawer contains and will find the right thing easily.7. Use a pool noodleThe gap between your bed and the wall can become a real black hole when you start dropping things in it. It’s always annoying to try to fish stuff out, so protect the space with a pool noodle. It costs almost nothing but will save you from a lot of pain.8. Use bath caddies…but not in the shower. To avoid clutter in your desk and create more storage space, use them above your desk. If you feel like they belong only to the shower, decorate them to hide their true nature.We hope these simple life hacks will make your life in a dorm room easier and more organized.

The Unjust Banning of A Catcher in the Rye - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 626 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Catcher in The Rye Essay Did you like this example? Teenage years; a quest for self identity, a sense of self. In trying to find themselves, itrs not uncommon to find a teenager experimenting with smoking, drugs, and sex. Teenagers use vulgar language, and are more rebellious than they were in their earlier years. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Unjust Banning of A Catcher in the Rye" essay for you Create order In A Catcher in the Rye, a 16 year old boy by the name of Holden tells his narrative from the lonely walls of a sanatorium. Holden tells about his journey with sex, smoking, drinking, depression, and sexual abuse. Although these are real problems in the real world, parents feel as though the concepts displayed in the book arent appropriate for their children, thus getting the book banned. However, A Catcher in the Rye deals with problems teenagers face on a daily basis, it teaches a valuable lesson, and students are able to reason with the novel. Therefore, this novel should not be banned. In A Catcher in the Rye, Holden experiences problems that many teenagers experience on a day to day basis. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nearly 9 out of 10 cigarette smokers first tried smoking by the age of 18, and Each day in the United States more than 3,200 youth aged 18 years or younger smoke their first cigarette, and an additional 2,100 youth and young adults become daily cigarette smokers. When it comes to any tobacco use, nearly half (46%) of high school students say theyve tried a tobacco product. Additionally, teens abuse alcohol more than any other drug. 68% of high school seniors have tried alcohol, 37.4% of high school seniors have drank within the last month, and 23.5 % of sophomores in high school have drank within the last month. Also, according to ranin.org, 1 out of 9 females under the age of 18 experience sexual abuse and 1 out of 53 males under the age of 18 experience sexual abuse. Although itrs troubling to think about, issues su ch as these are prominent in society and surround teenagers. Additionally, Holdenrs situation could be a lesson to the audience. Although he feels lonesome, neglected, alienated and depressed, he never reached out for help. His depression even got to a point where he was violent. Holden smashed windows and screamed at his friends. He became distant with his family. Although itrs sad, itrs not uncommon. An estimated 2.8 billion kids in America aged 12-17 have had some type of depressive episode. However, only thirty percent of those teens seek treatment. American teenrs emotions are very similar to Holdenrs emotions. Mentally he wasnt performing properly, and he knew this, but he never asked for help. If he had asked for help, then his anger and depression wouldve gotten better and he wouldnt be in a sanatorium, which could be a lesson to those who are going through the same emotions. Although many teachers and parents dont approve of the books because of the use of swear words, teens are able to reason with it. Teens feel many of the emotions that Holden feels. Teenagers also express themselves in the way that Holden does. Many of the words used in the novel are used on an everyday basis whether it comes from the studentrs mouth, the parentrs mouth, or peers mouths. Therefore, it isnt language that students arent already used to. In a final analysis, this novel should not be banned. A Catcher in the Rye is a classic novel that deals with real world problems, despite how harsh it may seem. Although it explores questionable themes, these are themes that are prevalent in society, and banning a book wouldnt change the world or make the problems in society disappear. Holden experiences the emotions and problems that many teenagers face, his situation could be a lesson to the students going through similar tribulations, and the students reading the novel can relate to him.

The Invention Of The Incandescent Light Bulb By Thomas...

Absolute darkness, a world with no light, is a possible reality without the contributions of a single man. Thomas Alva Edison was a renowned American inventor of the nineteenth century who has contributed greatly to the world. Edison is most famously known for his invention of the incandescent light bulb, but many people are blind to his other achievements that have contributed immensely to society. There was more to Thomas Edison than his numerous inventions. Paul B. Israel, Director and General Editor of the Thomas A. Edison Papers at Rutgers, describes Edison as a â€Å"symbol of mythic American past in which an unschooled empirical genius could astound the world through hard work and perseverance.† Israel, along with many others, recognize†¦show more content†¦The design of the light is not just more efficient and easy to manufacture, it also allows for many potential applications of the technology because the incandescent light bulb possesses â€Å"so many diffe rent parameters to be balanced in each lamp† (Nagel). Variations in these parameters result in a myriad of options, including large lamps, headlights, spotlights, and floodlights (Nagel). With these endless possibilities, the incandescent light bulb can be easily implemented into everyday tasks, making life simpler. The incandescent light bulb is just one of Edison’s numerous impactful contrivances; he created many other life-changing inventions as well. Edison invented and refined devices that made a profound impact on how people lived such as the phonograph, the central power station, alkaline storage batteries, and the motion-picture studio, not only this but he improved upon many other creations, including the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone . Apart from the incandescent light bulb, Edison developed the (Evans). The incandescent light bulb is Edison’s most acclaimed life-changing creation, but in the grand scheme of t hings, it is only a sliver of his life-changing contributions as he invented and refined many other devices that made life in the future better. By creating and refining inventions, Edison ameliorated many different industries existent at the time. For example, one ofShow MoreRelatedGreat Invention in Electrical Field –light bulb Light bulb is one of the most influential900 Words   |  4 PagesGreat Invention in Electrical Field –light bulb Light bulb is one of the most influential inventions in the word. It makes us work more productive at night and helps us enjoy more activities at night. It significantly change people lives all over the world. The born of light bulb also helped us by making more inventions that related to light, such as phones, televisions, and computes. By using light bulb, we actually reduced the probability of having fire accidents because if we don’t have lightRead More Thomas Alva Edison Essay578 Words   |  3 PagesThomas Alva Edison Thomas Alva Edison was one of the greatest inventors. He was a smart man. Thomas invented many things such as the light bulb and phonograph. Without the light bulb we would still be using candles and lanterns like they did many years ago. Although Thomas was deaf he worked hard and never gave up. Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio. He had many family members. He had a father named Samuel Odgen Edison and a mother named Nancy ElliottRead MoreThomas Edison s Greatest Patents1536 Words   |  7 PagesDate: Nov 3 2015 Thomas Edison s Greatest Patents Being an outstandingly successful inventor, scientist, and businessman, Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that have influenced the lives of people all over the world. Although Thomas had grown up to become a well-known genius, he did not receive an official education like any normal child at the time. Thomas spent about 3 months in a traditional one-room schoolhouse with 38 other students. As a seven year old boy Thomas was a very curiousRead MoreThomas Edison1061 Words   |  5 Pagessee at night? You probably said some form of light containing a light bulb of some kind. Well, before Thomas Edison came along people used gas lamps, and fire to see. Thomas Edison was person who revolutionized the world with his amazing invention of the incandescent light bulb, and he also had other revolutionary inventions. Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio (Edison’s Light bulb). His parents were Samuel and Nancy Edison, and he was the last of seven children. As aRead MoreBringing Electricity to the Masses Essay961 Words   |  4 Pagesdescended the cities, towns, and homes of the world fell into darkness as well. Lit by candles, oil lamps, gas lamps, and open flame, the light put off by these flames was not very bright and also had the down fall of producing fumes, smoke, and ash. â€Å"The electric light was little more than a novelty for the wealthy and only had small scale applications where only a few bulbs would be needed.† (Flatow 11) If we think about how dependent on electricity we are today, it becomes difficult to imagine the worldRead MoreLight Bulbs : The Invention That Changed The World895 Words   |  4 PagesLight bulbs: The Invention that Changed the World In our contemporary American society, we tend to take for granted the incredible inventions that surround us daily. From the inventions of cell phones to hybrid cars, new innovations shape our daily lives. One important invention transformed the American lifestyle and increased productivity: Light bulbs. In 1879, Thomas Alva Edison developed an incandescent light bulb that used platinum filaments, which was later replaced in 1880 with a carbonizedRead MoreThe Invention of the Light Bulb908 Words   |  4 PagesThe light bulb is the most important invention in history. This invention helps in so many ways, most importantly; it helps us see when we are not able to, mostly at night. The light bulb is an invention that is used all the time. The light bulb has impacted the world in various ways. The only light source that was available consisted of candles, oil lanterns, and gas lamps. It was a very long process to create the light bulb known today. What the inventors mostly did was they kept on addingRead MoreThomas Alva Edison : Overcoming Life Obstacles1573 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Alva Edison: Overcoming Life Obstacles Thomas Alva Edison was an unconventional genius that played a vital role in shaping the modern world with his inventions, but didn’t accomplish this role easily. Edison led an inquisitive life encompassing his disruptive adolescence, unconventional methods of success, and exceptional ability to endure failure. Although his inventions and ideologies exemplified him, Thomas Edison overcame tremendous obstacles throughout his lifetime before achieving hisRead MoreThomas Edison s Invention Of The World1095 Words   |  5 PagesJoey Schafer 2/16/16 Helman, 4 Thomas Edison Paper Thomas Alva Edison was one of the greatest inventors in the history of the world. He held 1,093 patents over his life, including patents for an incandescent light bulb, a projector, a battery, and a sound recorder. Thomas Edison was clearly an amazing inventor. Thomas, or Al, as his family nicknamed him, was born on February 11, in 1847. He was the youngest child in his family. His father was named Samuel, and had had many jobs, including beingRead MoreThomas Edison’s History with the Incandescent Light Bulb670 Words   |  3 Pages Thomas Edison’s History with the Incandescent Light Bulb Who invented the light bulb? Only a few really know the true answer to this question. Most people around the US simply think that Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. The story or â€Å"invention myth† behind the bulb varies drastically from the general public’s belief. The belief is that a lone inventor, Thomas Edison, sat down in his workshop and simply created the incandescent light bulb out of thin air. Edison in no way created the incandescent

Educate the child according to his way Free Essays

string(90) " particular category for the mentally retarded was organized in Providence, Rhode Island\." When one hears the words â€Å" particular instruction, † they automatically think â€Å" disablement. † However, that is non the instance. There is an old stating â€Å" Educate the kid harmonizing to his manner, even in his old age he will non turn away from it † ( Proverbs 22:6 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Educate the child according to his way or any similar topic only for you Order Now This adage had evolved over clip as the premiss for educating kids harmonizing to their single demands. The end of â€Å" particular instruction † as we know it today is to do acquisition accessible, relevant, and manageable for all kids. Children with particular demands frequently require individualised plans in order to larn. They can non maintain up with mainstream kids. The ends and impressions of Particular Education have progressed drastically over the old ages. From every bit early as the 1800 ‘s until today, pedagogues have been successful in polishing the course of studies and learning methods to profit the kids with disablements. In the yesteryear, those who were â€Å" different † did non have an instruction and the badly handicapped were frequently shunned or locked up or sent to the natural state to be torn apart by animate beings. Over clip, statute law and Torahs have reinforced for the right for each kid to have a just and optimal instruction. Any kid that has any signifier of cognitive, societal, communicative, emotional, behavioural, learning, physical or centripetal issues is entitled to individualise attending to heighten their learning experience. There have ever been kids with particular demands. However, for many old ages there were no schools or services available for them. Before the 19th century, during the Middle Ages, is was said that those persons who were mentally unstable were non held accountable for their ain actions or behaviours. Childs who were disabled were sent to refuges to be protected from the â€Å" barbarous universe † in which they did non suit. ( Fuller A ; Olsen, 2008 ) . As the thoughts of democracy, single freedom and equalitarianism began to look in America and France, peoples attitudes changed. ( Hallahan, 1997 ) . The historical roots of particular instruction can be traced back to the early 1800 ‘s. Many modern-day instruction methods for kids with particular demands were used back so. ( Hallahan, 1997 ) . With the bend of the 19th century, things began to alter. In the early 1800 ‘s, Jean Marc Itard ( 1775-1838 ) , an Italian doctor and research worker for the deaf, found that acquisition is possible for anyone through â€Å" custodies on † experience in an environment that is decently stimulated. He is the individual whom most historiographers trace the beginning of particular instruction ( Hallahan, 1997 ) Three Frenchmans were researching in the forests and found a immature male child entirely, wholly wild and missing many accomplishments. They guessed the male child to be about 11 old ages old. He was taken to Paris, where he would be studied as an illustration of the human head in its cardinal province. The doctors who examined him declared that he was non â€Å" wild † instead the male child was mentally lacking. ( Plucker, 2007 ) No one agreed with Itard, nevertheless, he believed that the kid, Victor, the name he chose for the male child, was the manner he was because he had been populating in the wood for old ages and did non hold the proper attention. He claimed that Victor ‘s mental lack was due to the deficiency of human interaction. Itard believed that it can be overcome. He devoted the following five old ages to an individualised educational plan. This was the first illustration of an IEP, and the beginning of modern particular instruction. ( Plucker, 2007 ) Itard was successful in detecting many learning techniques that introduced many methods of direction to particular ed pedagogues. Subsequently, his pupil Edouard Sequin, brought this educational method to the US. During this clip, persons with disablements were put into restricting prisons without proper attention and nutrient. Many doctors such as Edouard Sequin, wanted to relieve the opprobrious ill-treatment from the people with disablements ( Ackerman, Jaeger, A ; Smith, 2009 ) . In 1817, Thomas Gallaudet established the first institute for the deaf in Hartford, C onnecticut which is now called â€Å" The American School for the Deaf. † In 1829, Samuel Gridley Howe ( 1801 – 1876 ) who graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1824, founded the â€Å" Perkins School for the Blind † in Watertown, Massachusetts in 1829. Howe was successful in learning Laura Bridgman, which had a large influence on the future instruction of Helen Keller ( Hallahan, 1997 ) . A miss like Helen Keller would hold ne’er imagined there to be a topographic point for her to larn. This was now a dream for Helen Keller. Anne Sullivan trained in Perkins School and turned Helen Kellers dark universe in to light. Sullivan enabled a blind, deaf, and muffle miss to pass on every bit best as she can with others. At the terminal of the 19th century, the authorities implemented juvenile tribunals and public assistance plans for both striplings and kids. Many particular categories were formed in many schools every bit good. However, many of the lesser dis ablements were non treated during this clip due to the fact that they were largely incognizant of these jobs unit subsequently on when the public school system evolved. The major focal point in the 1800 ‘s was chiefly on the terrible handicapped persons who suffered from mental deceleration, sightlessness, hearing loss, and emotional perturbations ( Myhill, 2008 ) . From 1817 to the beginning of the Civil war, more than 40 old ages, many provinces in the US set up schools for the blind, deaf, and mentally retarded or orphans. These schools tried to follow the ways of the European schools. In 1817, in Hartford, CT, the American Asylum for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf was opened. In 1959 the Massachusetts School for the Idiotic and Feebleminded Youth, now called the Fernald Development Center, was set up in Boston. ( Kirk, 2006 ) . The particular category for deaf kids was in a public school in Boston in 1869. Approximately 30 old ages subsequently, a particular category for the mentally retarded was organized in Providence, Rhode Island. You read "Educate the child according to his way" in category "Essay examples" In 1899, a category for kids with physical damages opened followed by a category in Chicago for kids who were blind. ( Kirk, 2006 ) . At the bend of the 20th century, pedagogues began to concentrate a batch more on the fun ction of particular instruction. In the early 1900 ‘s, the figure of particular instruction categories drastically increased. There was more of an accent on mental wellness and kid clinics. In add-on, the rise in psychological science began and the usage of mental trials resulted in the growing for new surveies and methods in every country of particular instruction. In 1922, the Council for Exceptional Children was formed. This was the start of many establishments and organisations that would alter the instruction for particular demands people in America. In 1930 many parents gathered to organize a group on a national degree. In 1950, this group was subsequently known as the National Association for Retarded Citizens. In 1963 they developed the Association for Children with Learning Disabilities. ( Ackerman, Jaeger, A ; Smith, 2009 ) . These new thoughts of instruction prompted many people to recommend for particular demands kids. Up until the 1930 ‘s, many believed that heavy concern should non be placed on persons who failed to maintain up with the criterions of a schoolroom. However, at this point, many were recognizing the deficiency of their ability that it was non the kids mistake. Yet, with the proper stimulation, they can win. ( Government, 2002 ) . In add-on, the book â€Å" The Child Who Never Grew † by Pearl Buck, stole the Black Marias of many parents and fostered the parental support groups. The book describes the experience of raising a kid with mental deceleration. It provided parents encouragement that they were non entirely, and that there were many others sing the same thing as they were. ( Fuller A ; Olsen, 2008 ) . In 1954, the classical instance of Brown vs. Board of Ed took topographic point. This instance had a major impact on pupils with disablements. ( Pardini, 2002 ) The tribunals began to reconsider the rights of minority citizens in many different ways. One of the most influential advocators for the rise in particular instruction would be President Franklin D. Roosevelt. H e demonstrated that person wheelchair edge can still execute expeditiously despite their disablement. Further more, while in office, President John F. Kennedy established the Task Force on National Action to Combat Mental Retardation, the President ‘s Commission on Mental Retardation, and the Bureau of Education for the Handicapped, which is now the office of Particular Education Programs. Turning up with a mentally sick sister, he strongly influenced the development of particular instruction, while stressing the importance of the right for those with disablements to a full chance of instruction. ( Fuller A ; Olsen, 2008 ) . By 1975, the Education for all Handicapped Children Act, besides known as Public Law, and the FAPE, free appropriate public instruction, were implemented. They established the footing for instruction reform for babies through striplings with disablements and enabled pupils with disablements to assist fund the heavy costs for services. ( History of Special Education, 2003 ) . It besides provided the same rights for instruction for pupils with disablements and those regular mainstream kids. ( Kiss, 2006 ) . In 1977 the EAHCA, Education of all Children Act was actualized. It stated that the Torahs protecting kids with disablements the right to free instruction, the FAPE. This besides included that pupils should be placed in the last restrictive environment LRE, and proper arrangement harmonizing to their demands. Teachers worked together with the kid and frequently used alternate methods or allowed the kid some excess clip to finish the assignment. Some schools set aside resource room to assist weaker kids one on one. This backfired because frequently kids who were pulled out were looked at as â€Å" different † and many â€Å" regular † instructors slacked off with their duties of their particular demands kids. ( Berger, 2005 ) . In 1990, to work out this job, the construct of â€Å" inclusion † was created. This was an attack in educating kids with particular demands in which they are included in regular schoolrooms with â€Å" appropriate AIDSs and services † as required by jurisprudence ( Berger, 2005 ) . This led up to the enlargement of the IDEA, the Persons with Disabilities Education Act in 1990. The IDEA is responsible for over six million kids having particular services today. ( History of Special Education, 2003 ) . The incredible advancements of past pedagogues in particular instruction were of import edifice blocks to what particular instruction has become today. What exists today in Particular Education is from the difficult work of pedagogues and parents of the old centuries. Today over two hundred thousand immature kids and 598,922 pre schoolers are having services through the Board of Education as of 2001. ( Fuller A ; Olsen, 2008 ) . Particular instruction services are made to concentrate on the person in order to guarantee that the kid is maximising their full potency. It consists of either one on one little group direction, learning alterations, and physical, address or businesss therapies. Each kid is provided with an Individualized Education Program, or IEP, which targets the ends and demands for each specific kid. The schools must supply one-year advancement studies in functional and academic accomplishments. ( Fuller A ; Olsen, 2008 ) . While seeking to keep inclusion schoolrooms, schools besides have to do certain they are run intoing the demands for the province appraisals. To reason, particular instruction has gone through a enormous sum of alterations. In the 1700 ‘s and early 1800 ‘s, there was no such thing as educating an exceeding kid. In add-on, instructors had small preparation in binding to understand the universe of a kid with disablements. ( Johnson, Dupuis, Musial, Hall, A ; Gollnick, 1999 ) .However, in the 20th century, that began to alter quickly. Today, instructors are trained in specific countries and work with these kids to break their opportunities in taking a successful life. There is a uninterrupted sum of attempt put in to assisting those who needed excess aid. In is unfortunate that the exceeding had to endure so much for particular instruction to go a world. Hopefully we will go on to keep the advancement in the hereafter. How to cite Educate the child according to his way, Essay examples

Resilience and Self Management Culture

Question: Discuss about the Resilience and Self Management Culture. Answer: Introduction Werner and Johnson (2014; p.702) develop suggestions that resilience and protective factors tend to be the positive counterparts to vulnerability situation, which tends to denote an individual susceptibility to disorder or risk factors which tend to be psychologically hazards and increase the likeability of negative development outcome in a certain group of people. As a result of such factors psychologists have been interested in constructing the resilience factors, which according to Carrey Ungar (2000) is the dynamic process where people display their positive adaptation despite the experiences that have significant adversity or trauma. Therefore, resilience tends to be categorized as an existing continuum that is vulnerable and implies a particular resistance to psychopathology, though it isnt invulnerable to the development of psychiatric disorder. Theories developed in the past in regards to resilience emphasize on the identification of child characteristics that is associated with positive outcomes in the face of adversity (Keene et al, 2010). Current theories tend to view resilience as a multidimensional construction which is made of constitutional variables like temperament and personality in additional to the specific skills that enhance individuals to cope well with traumatic life events (Mancini, 2012). Despite people suffering from serious traumatic conditions of extreme deprivation, stress and serious threats, resilience has been an important factor that has enables them to manage and endure to full recovery out of the trauma. Resilience a term taken from physics study of materials has aroused great interest in the study of variables involved. As a result the concept has gained a lot of significance in the health field analysis and expanded to greater context such as being educational and in social context. The concept has been applied in business and public welfare but receives greater connation to mental health. Hence, the interest to resilience tends not to be limited to variables that define it but those that create contributions to its development and strengthening which never refers to the context only but extreme events. Edwards (2009) defines resilience as findings that some individuals have good psychological outcomes despite them suffering in the past. Hence, it is not i mmunity but the ability to recover from past adverse experiences as a result scholars believes that it isnt just about adversity but the ability to grow and develop during difficult situations. Therefore, when defining resilience it is significant to always remember to distinguish the factors that define it to those that modulate it. Making it essential that when distinguishing resilience you should ensure you relate it with stress resistance, invulnerability, mental toughness and adaptive characters (Huggard, 2008). Resilience also tends to have certain advantages. For instance, resilience model tends to provide focus on health and well being. Hence, it tends to stand in contrast to medical model whose aim is primarily on illness and treatment of symptoms. Secondly, resilience tends to allow the examination of risky and unhealthy characters, thus it tends to support in the provision of different perspectives in regards to certain characters which are referred to as unhealthy or risky. Lastly, the resilience model tends to be holistic. Bilman (2012) perceives that the primary aim of resilience is to offer practice situations that provide a feeling of patients being understood and that one that gives them reassurance of their strengths and self management potential. The above discussion will serve as an important vehicle through which I will use in the development of how organizations can manage resilience at work place. Therefore, I will consider several activities that will support resilience th ey are employee assistance programmes, debriefing sessions to bring regular practise, supppor managers and work environment, flexible and supportive roster, having an option for staff to access a mentor, recreational place where one can relax/ exercise or even practice yoga, acknowledge positives in a persons improvement to job satisfaction. Employee Assistance Programs: As a leader in an organization I established some certain distraction techniques that are of significance to employees in an organization (Roelofs Jol, 2010). For instance, my basic form of distraction mainly involves listening to music which tends to effective when stressed. I also tend to at times walk from work to home as a way of relieving work stress. In some cases I do some cooking where I invite friend and we hang around talking about life matter. The act of interacting and hanging out with friends relieves stress as we share our daily experience and encourage each other. At times in the weekend when free from work I enjoy gardening as well as doing some interior decoration and photography. This tend to be great activities which involve critical thinking, thus removes my thoughts out of the medical world to the art world. Setting up of recreational facilities in an organization tends to be significant: In most cases exercise has proven to be helpful towards self management (Stein et al, 2013). Other mindful activities that one could engage in include YOGA whenever an employee is stressed. Thus, it lowers the levels of stress and therefore I tend to continuously engage in the program to reduce any form of stress. Hence, as listed in this paragraph the engagement in these activities tend to be substantial in self management and resilience. Debriefing session for the purpose of bringing a regular practise in workplace: Debriefing tends to be a useful component in regards to staff support for nurses and other healthcare professions working in hospitals. In most cases, it value is only recognized and acknowledged by hospitals. By description debriefing tends to be a valuable way that anticipates events, different situations and unexpected traumatic events (Carrey Ungar, 2012). For instance, in the cardiac department crisis emergencies are stressful, sudden, unexpected and overwhelming it tends to create some strain in regards to ones ability to cope with such situations. Hence, in most instances as a health cardiac nurse one tends to be fairly resilient, but whenever debriefing is done after the occurrence of such events you get to hear the whole story of the people involved. Therefore, it helps in making us understand the whole sense of what happened. As a result, the sharing aspect tends to escalate the ability of copi ng with such events effectively. Debriefing tends to be valuable as it allows staffs to share their different perspective in regards to their line of duty. Additionally, it enables groups to support each other through shared experience. Hence, as time passes the result of debriefing tends to be seen because of its sharing value that increases the ability of health professions to manage themselves. As a nurse in the cardiac profession, one tends to get exposed to events and circumstances that are overwhelming. In most instances the emerging situations tend to be challenging and unexpected e.g. death of a patient or death of a young person in-front of their traumatised family. Hence, the inability of the medicine to cure or lower the suffering of patients may become a challenge to our concept of good death or complex family and social situations that lead to difficulties. Therefore, multiple deaths could lead to emotional overload and stress among healthcare professions (Werner Johns on, 2014). Therefore, since it is inevitable in this cardiac field to experience or witness stressful, unexpected or traumatic events (Stein et al, 2003). There is the need of adequate support from all angles to mitigate the psychological thoughts and emotional effects. Hence, the ability of healthcare professions to engage debriefing tends to be valuable addiction to support their practice. Supportive Managers and Work Environment: Managers are often expected to provide resilience strategies that are effective in an organization. Therefore, whenever an individual responds actively and constructively to someone who shares positive experience, love or relationship, it means that there is enhancement of mental toughness and fostering strong relationships which are key for a resilience leader. Hence, strong relationships tend to bring leaders and staff together in a systematic way that enhances or enables them to cope with terrible failures that could cost lives, as they advance their capability to staffs to flourish and flounder in their daily operations (Huggard, 2008). Strong relationships through support of managers in work environment also diminishes the negative focus and concentrate more on the positive, thus the levels of pessimistic among staffs reduces to the optimistic factor. Hence, strong relationships will build better healthcare professions, as it will be expected that employees exposed to the factor of resilience become efficient in their daily operations compared to those not exposed (Baverstock, 2006). Flexible and supportive/accommodation rosters: Resilience capacity tends to be available within individuals and organization; this is in regards to the culture of work unit and the organization (Chvostek Cockburn, 2008). Hence, nurse managers should ensure that they establish a flexible and supportive/ accommodation roster culture unit via communication where individuals and groups that convey positive in regards to the set expectations for performance. Acknowledging Positives in a Person or Ward to Improve Job Satisfaction: Nurse leaders can build resilience using several steps which include assessment, acceptance, adaptation and advancements. Perhaps, it would be significant to elaborate on these strategies: Assessment- here a careful evaluation of events and individuals tend to be done from the starting point for resilience. Bonanno et al (2014) view resilience as a clear and unblinking view or reality which deepens the belief of the meaningful nature of life and tremendous ability of improvement. Therefore, recognizing and responding to emotions tend to be adversely important in the building of resilience. Hence, recognition evolves from oneself, then to recognition of emotional reactions among staffs (Greff, 2005). Thus, the act of being mindful of relationships between feelings, behaviours and thoughts tend to allow resilient leaders to anticipate response from others, and at times consider contingencies for dealing with certain concerns in a positive manner. Acceptance is also a vital process as it allows follow up of assessment. Whenever changes impacts personal value, beliefs in regards to the right way to do things. The resilient leaders in organizations spend less time, energy and complain about change. Bienvenu Stein (2013) tends to suggest that stressful events tend to be inevitable rather than shocking, thus planning tends to be a way of composure for resilience. Adapting to new situations tends to be a key step also that allows resilient leaders to seek ways of making things work. Hence, leaders in health organizations need to first change their way of thinking. Later, reframing of the events tends to be more effective as a way of adapting and reframing of events in a manageable and less threatening way (Kenne et al, 2010). Action is also a key step because it involves mastering of the auto negative thinking such as the issue of catastophizing, personalizing and over generalizing (Bilman, 2015). Hence, resilient leaders tend to challenge these patterns of thinking and generate alternatives. Setting of sessions where staff can have access to a mentor: At times, managers influence on unit culture involves the recognition of achievements as well as coaching and mentoring whenever improvement is needed. Therefore, it would be expected that after meeting in these mentorship programs what becomes certain is that their levels of esteems may be high (Roelofs Jol, 2010). As for the employees who were emotionally affected due to traumatic events mentorship programs may be critical as they may uplift there emotions. Hence, these mentorship programs are regarded as important because they tend to improve resilience among employee and they are able to attain methods of stress self management. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of resilience and self management among medical professions. It is certain that numerous studies developed on resilience tend to define the attributes that identifies people who easily resist stress and excel in adverse situations. Resilience as outlined above tends to be a vital tool that recognizes the sufficient technique for enhancing these capabilities. It also suits in environments for application, thus suiting our healthcare industry. Resilience and self management strategies tend to be sufficient as they mostly revolve around the factor in new intervention strategies by resilience leaders, as they make use of preventive and therapeutic roots based on the concept of resilience. Overall, we could term resilience and self management to be vital factors that tend to reduce stress among individuals (nurses) meaning that the level of performance among them will be high compared to those who havent engaged in this act of resili ence and self management. References Roelofs, M., Jol, F. (2010).Resilience. S.l: s.n. Bilman, E. (2015).Resilience. Place of publication not identified: Matador. Bradford, B. (2012).Resilience. Market Rasen, Lincolnshire: Total-E-Bound. Carrey, N. J., Ungar, M. (2007).Resilience. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders. Werner, E. E., Johnson, J. L. (2014). The role of caring adults in the lives of children of alcoholics. Substance Use and Misuse, 39, 699720. Carrey, N., Ungar, M. (2007).Resilience. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., et al. (2013). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse Neglect, 27, 169190. Craig, J. A., Ozga-Lawn, M., Stasus. (2012).Resilience. New York (N.Y.: Princeton Architectural Press. Bienvenu, O. J., Stein, M. B. (2013). Personality and anxiety disorders: A review. Journal of personality Disorders, 17, 139151. Chvostek, A., Cockburn, B. (2008).Resilience. Toronto, Ont: Borealis Records. Bonanno, G. A. (2007). Loss, trauma, and human resilience. American Psychologist, 59, 2028. Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., Coifman, K. (2014). The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15, 482487. Greeff, A. (2005).Resilience. Carmarthen: Crown House. Baverstock AC, Finlay FO (2006) A study of staff support mechanisms within childrens hospices. Int J Palliat Nurse 12(11): 5068. Mayer, T., Cables, G., Douglas, D. L., Jones, W. (2011).Resilience. South Orange, NJ: Jazz Legacy Productions. Huggard J (2008) A national survey of the support needs ofinterprofessional hospice staff in Aotearoa/New Zealand.Masters Thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand. Mancini, A. (2012).Resilience. New York: Oxford University Press. Huggard P, Huggard J (2008) When the caring gets tough: compassion fatigue and veterinary care. Vetscript May: 146. Edwards, E. (2009).Resilience: Reflections on the burdens and gifts of facing life's adversities.New York: Broadway Books. Keene EA, Hutton N, Hall B, Rushton C (2010) Bereavement debriefing sessions: an intervention to support health care professionals in managing their grief after the death of a patient. Pediatr Nurs 36(4): 1859.

Reagan and the Arms Race

Ronald Reagan, the 40th president (1981-1989) of the United States of America, is `one of the highly recognized presidents especially for his policies. Reagan was a staunch advocate for control of money supply which would result to reduction in inflation and an increase in economic growth through tax reduction.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Reagan and the Arms Race specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During his two terms in the presidency, he was mainly focused on restructuring the foreign matters, which this paper is going to dwell on and the U.S economy. Against this background, I would like to make a research about his political and economic initiatives dubbed ‘Reganomics’ (Busch 45; Hudson and Gareth 156). Reagan was an anti-communist and publicly called the Soviet Union an ‘evil empire’ and showed his distaste by providing support for anti-communist activities worldwide. W e will focus on the strategies he employed such as the strategy of dà ©tente where he ordered considerable buildup of military in the arms race against the Soviet Union. The paper will also look into and discuss the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) of 1987 signed by him and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union, which was to address purging of both intermediate and short range missiles in both countries (Kengor 67). The Cold War (1979-1985) was a major contributing factor to shaping Reagan’s policies on arms and his subsequent action in building up America’s military in anticipation of a war breaking out between the U.S and the Soviet Union, therefore this paper is going to focus on this and bring out the reasons behind the arms race (Marples 63; Langley 154). Reagan was a critic of arms control and termed the arms race as a cold war symptom thus resulting to a race in buildup of arms arguing that arms control negotiations could not end the deadlock, he was concerned with how the Soviet Union was way ahead of the United States in the nuclear race and becoming vulnerable to Soviet attack (Hilton 208). Form this, the paper will try and explain how this situation affected Reagan’s political career, campaigns, and decisions. Consequently, we will look at the role he played in bringing an end to the Cold War, and the Iran-Contra affair revelation.Advertising Looking for critical writing on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More We will also look at the treaty Reagan signed before he left office which was a contrast to what he believed in and campaigned on. The paper will also determine whether the diplomatic ties initiated by Reagan are still in place and whether the INF treaty signed in 1987 was effective and if yes, to what extent. If not, then what are the consequences? (Smith, Gwendolyn and USAF Institute for National Security Studies 82; Reagan 64 ). The research paper will use both primary and secondary sources of data. The secondary sources will include books on Ronald Reagan to determine his policies and ideologies and what shaped them. We will also use books on the Soviet Union to try and link the fall of the soviet with Reagan’s military buildup in the U.S. a list has been provided at the end of this memo detailing the specific sources of references that will be used in this research paper. Apart from books other resources will include scholarly publications, and internet sources (Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (b) 106; Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (a) 136). In conclusion, the main purpose of this research paper will to be to find out and shed light on Ronald Reagan’s ideologies, perceptions, thoughts, and legacies especially where they bordered on politics, the cold war and the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union and optimistically all this issues will be addressed. Works Cited Busch, Andrew. Ronald Reagan and the politics of freedom, New York: Rowman Littlefield, 2002. Print. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists July 1987: 10, 25-27, 45-47, 49-52. Print. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Aug. 1981: 10, 5-7, 49-60. Print.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Reagan and the Arms Race specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hilton, Ronald. â€Å"The Collapse of the Soviet Union and Ronald Reagan.† Stanford.edu, Webmaster, n.d. Web. Hudson, Cheryl and Gareth, Davies. Ronald Reagan and the 1980s: perceptions, policies, legacies, New York Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Print. Kengor, Paul. The Crusader: Ronald Reagan and the Fall of Communism, New York: HarperCollins, 2007. Print. Langley, Andrew. The Collapse of the Soviet Union: The End of an Empire, Massachusetts: Compass Point Books, 2006. Print. Marples, David. The collapse of the Soviet Union, 1985-1991, Boston: Pearson, 2004. Print. Smith James, Gwendolyn Hall, and USAF Institute for National Security Studies. Milestones in strategic arms control, 1945-2000: United States Air Force roles and outcomes, Collingdale: DIANE Publishing, 2002. Print. Reagan, Ronald. An American Life. New York: Free Press, A Division of Simon Schuster, 2003.Advertising Looking for critical writing on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This critical writing on Reagan and the Arms Race was written and submitted by user Matthias Hansen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biography of Alfred Wegener, German Scientist

Biography of Alfred Wegener, German Scientist Alfred Wegener (November 1, 1880–November 1930) was a German meteorologist and geophysicist who developed the first theory of continental drift and formulated the idea that a supercontinent known as Pangaea existed on the Earth millions of years ago. His ideas were largely ignored at the time they were developed, but today they are widely accepted by the scientific community. As part of his research, Wegener also took part in several journeys to Greenland, where he studied the atmosphere and ice conditions. Fast Facts: Alfred Wegener Known For: Wegener was a German scientist who developed the idea of continental drift and Pangaea.Born: November 1, 1880 in Berlin, GermanyDied: November 1930 in Clarinetania,  GreenlandEducation: University of Berlin (Ph.D.)Published Works: Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere (1911), The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1922)Spouse: Else Koppen Wegener  (m. 1913-1930)Children: Hilde, Hanna, Sophie Early Life Alfred Lothar Wegener was born on November 1, 1880, in Berlin, Germany. During his childhood, Wegeners father ran an orphanage. Wegener took an interest in physical and earth sciences and studied these subjects at universities in both Germany and Austria. He graduated with a Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Berlin in 1905. He briefly served as an assistant at the Urania Observatory in Berlin. While earning his Ph.D. in astronomy, Wegener also took an interest in meteorology and paleoclimatology (the study of changes in the Earths climate throughout its history). From 1906 to 1908 he went on an expedition to Greenland to study polar weather. In Greenland, Wegener established a research station where he could take meteorological measurements. This expedition was the first of four dangerous trips that Wegener would take to the icy island. The others occurred from 1912 to 1913 and in 1929 and 1930. Continental Drift Shortly after receiving his Ph.D., Wegener began teaching at the University of Marburg in Germany, and in 1910 he drafted his Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere, which would later become an important meteorological textbook. During his time at the university, Wegener developed an interest in the ancient history of the Earths continents and their placement. He had noticed, in 1910, that the eastern coast of South America and the northwestern coast of Africa looked as if they were once connected. In 1911, Wegener also came across several scientific documents stating there were identical fossils of plants and animals on each of these continents. He eventually articulated the idea that all of the Earths continents were at one time connected into one large supercontinent. In 1912, he presented the idea of continental displacement- which would later become known as continental drift- to explain how the continents moved toward and away from one another throughout the Earths history. In 1914, Wegener was drafted into the German Army during World War I. He was wounded twice and was eventually placed in the Armys weather forecasting service for the duration of the war. In 1915, Wegener published his most famous work, The Origin of Continents and Oceans, as an extension of his 1912 lecture. In that work, he presented extensive evidence to support his claim that all of the Earths continents were at one time connected. Despite the evidence, however, most of the scientific community ignored his ideas at the time. Later Life From 1924 to 1930, Wegener was a professor of meteorology and geophysics at the University of Graz in Austria. At a 1927 symposium, he introduced the idea of Pangaea, a Greek term meaning all lands, to describe the supercontinent that he believed existed on the Earth millions of years ago. Scientists now believe that such a continent did exist- it probably formed about 335 million years ago and began to split apart 175 million years ago. The strongest evidence of this is- as Wegener suspected- the distribution of similar fossils throughout continental borders that are now many miles apart. Death In 1930, Wegener took part in his last expedition to Greenland to set up a winter weather station that would monitor the jet stream in the upper atmosphere over the North Pole. Severe weather delayed the start of the trip and made it extremely difficult for Wegener and the 14 other explorers and scientists with him to reach the weather station. Eventually, 12 of these men would turn around and return to the groups base camp near the coast. Wegener and two others continued on, reaching the final destination of Eismitte (Mid-Ice, a site near the center of Greenland) five weeks after the start of the expedition. On the return trip to the base camp, Wegener became lost and is believed to have died sometime in November 1930 at the age of 50. Legacy For most of his life, Wegener remained dedicated to his theory of continental drift and Pangaea despite receiving harsh criticism from other scientists, many of whom believed the oceanic crust was too rigid to permit the movement of tectonic plates. By the time of his death in 1930, his ideas were almost entirely rejected by the scientific community. It was not until the 1960s that they gained credibility as scientists began studying seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. Wegeners ideas served as a framework for those studies, which produced evidence that supported his theories. The development of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in 1978 eliminated any residual doubt there may have been by providing direct evidence of continental movements. Today, Wegeners ideas are highly regarded by the scientific community as an early attempt at explaining why the Earths landscape is the way it is. His polar expeditions are also highly admired and today the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research is known for its high-quality research in the Arctic and the Antarctic. A crater on the Moon and a crater on Mars are both named in Wegeners honor. Sources Bressan, David. â€Å"May 12, 1931: Alfred Wegeners Last Journey.† Scientific American Blog Network, 12 May 2013.Oreskes, Naomi, and Homer E. LeGrand.  Plate Tectonics: An Insiders History of the Modern Theory of the Earth. Westview, 2003.Wegener, Alfred.  The Origin of Continents and Oceans. Dover Publications, 1992.Yount, Lisa.  Alfred Wegener: Creator of the Continental Drift Theory. Chelsea House Publishers, 2009.

A macroeconomic Theory of the Open Economy, Supply and demand for Essay

A macroeconomic Theory of the Open Economy, Supply and demand for Loanable Funds and for Foreign-Currency Exchange - Essay Example To balance the condition and allow the exchange, there is demand for the funds by the borrowers when they sell the bond that they have to the savers. An exchange in any market can only occur if there are demanders and suppliers. The funds consist of the loans from the banks and savings saved by the consumers foregoing consumption. Therefore to save involves a sacrifice and the savers in exchange demand for compensation for the best alternative foregone had they consumed the funds instead of saving them. The concept of compensation and incurring a cost is, therefore, is very important for the sustainability of the funds market (McConnell, Campbell, Brue and Stanley 92). The loanable funds are usually used for investment in new capital goods bringing about the concept of the supply and demand for the funds. The lenders bring about the supply curve that is upward sloping from left to right while the borrowers bring about the demand curve that is downward sloping from the left to the right. The curves are guided by the principle of demand and supply which states that, supply increases with the increase in the price while demand increases with a decrease in price. The conflicting ideologies calls for an equilibrium where the two intersect and those to make a decision agree. The interest rate is the sacrifice or cost of borrowing the loanable funds from the suppliers and it is the value of money that a person pays for using the dollar for one year. It is also the benefit or compensation to the person or entity supplying the funds. The rate of interest is usually expressed as a percentage of annual funds spend or borrowed. When dealing with the loanable funds one considers the interest rate which is adjusted for inflation to take care of the price changes. It is essential to ponder on the rate of interest that is real than a nominal one that has

Evaluate the extent to which the methods of justification employed by Essay

Evaluate the extent to which the methods of justification employed by Kant in his Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals provide models for other theories of justi - Essay Example ) can be achieved only with if based on the observation of the actions from an objective point of view and not a critical one because in this case there is the possibility that certain behaviours could be characterized as hostile to the general social framework, an action which should be avoided – at least at the primary stage of the behavioural analysis. Current paper deals with the identification of any possible element of Kant’s work – particularly the Metaphysics of Morals – which can be used as a substantial theoretical source for the support of other theories of justification. In order to achieve the above task the paper has been divided in three parts. Part One presents the methods of justification used by Kant in Metaphysics of Moral. A general overview is also made regarding the value of Kant’s work for the researchers in the area of moral philosophy. Part Two refers to the theories of justification used by other philosophers, like Rawls and Hare. The idea of utilitarianism is also presented in this part in order to explain the stages of development of moral theory in the history. Finally, Part Three summarizes the views presented in the above two parts in an effort to identify the possible relation between the methods of justification used by Kant and those applied by other theorists in the area of moral philosophy. It is also examined to which level the first ones could be used as models for the second ones. In order to understand the Kant’s perceptions regarding the justification applied in all aspects of human behaviour we should primarily refer to the two fundamental ‘formulae’, which are in fact the theoretical framework on which Metaphysics are based. More specifically, in accordance with Kant the following two formulae can support the interpretations of human behaviour as presented throughout his work: a) the Formula of Universal Law : â€Å"Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a

Framework Advocating CSOs Analysis

Framework Advocating CSOs Analysis Take a case of actually existing civil society and critically discuss the extent to which your case has managed to achieve any democratic or developmental progress. Championed as the panacea for development ills under the neoliberal New Policy Agenda (McIllwaine;1998), civil society has become the sweetheart of development donors (Barr, Fafchamps Owens, 2005;659), famed for its ability to incubate participatory development[ma1][ma2]. Civil society is conceptualised as an independent third pillar between state and market, comprising of horizontal networks of associational groups with cross cut ties of kinship and patronage (Putnam, 1993). Within this network, citizens organize to pursue shared interests and influence policy in the public domain (UNDP, 2014). Civil society organisations (CSOs) can embody autonomous or NGO supported community based organisations, or can comprise of NGOs as primary agents of civil society themselves (Mohan, 2002[ma3]). Despite doubt surrounding the classification of NGOs as CSOs (Carmody, 2007), this essay will define NGOs as a variant of CSOs, as their primary purpose is influencing public policy (Edwards Hulme, 1997;24), and are independent from direct government control (UNDP, 2014[ma4][ma5]). Thus, for the reasons outlined, this essay will focus on the Voice2People programme of Christian Aid, an NGO based CSO. Ultimately, this essay will examine the extent to which the normative framework advocating CSOs as the missing middle between citizen and state (World Bank, 1996;114), represents the reality of actually existing civil society (Mamdani, 1996;19). It is in this sense that actually existing civil society is defined as the reality of CSOs in practise as largely dissonant from the normative promised agenda for change (Ibid). By analysing Christian Aids Voice2People programme, this essay will posit that the realities of actually existing civil society are divergent from the normative ideals placed upon it, and thus can achieve little democratic or developmental success. This essay will begin by demonstrating the normative and programmatic qualities perceived as inherent within CSOs, in particular their ability to facilitate participatory development, upon which donor funding is predicated (Igoe Kelsall, 2005). It will then outline the Voice2People programme rolled out by Christian Aid, in relation to the normative characteristics it is perceived to retain. Once the theoretical framework is outlined, this paper will then assess the extent to which these normative ideals diverge from reality of actually existing civil society. By outlining the flaws of the theoretical framework underlying the programme, and the problematic constraints it faced, this essay will conclude by arguing that contrary to normative perceptions, actually existing civil society in the case of the Voice2People programme, can achieve very little democratic or developmental progress. The normative characteristics of civil society organisations However, it is first essential to outline the perceived normative characteristics of CSOs in order to analyse their divergence from the empirical reality of actually existing civil society. These characteristics are normative in the sense they are expected rather than empirically validated. It[ma6][ma7] is also essential to underscore the ideological nature of these characteristics, which dovetail the neoliberal new policy agenda (Robinson, 2003;2) which embraces the democratic development paradigm (Banks, Edwards and Hulme; 2015, 710) in supporting inclusive participation to facilitate development (Mertz, 2012;54). Firstly, neoliberal theory posits CSOs as vehicles through which to build better citizens (Archer, 1994). Civil society is thus perceived as an arena for the cultivation of liberal norms, including participation and market rationality (Williams Young, 2012). CSOs become schools of liberal democracy (Banks, Edwards Hulme, 2015;4) educating citizens to take participate in formulating their own development agenda. Secondly, CSOs are also regarded as key actors in encouraging increased state accountability, as an active civil society enables choice, scrutinises errant governments, and leads to pluralised democracy (Mohan, 2002). CSOs thus demand state accountability to local demands (Suileman, 2013;245) an issue outlined by the Voice2People baseline report (Christian Aid, 2013). In addition, CSOs are also perceived by donors as vital facilitators of democratisation. This is because CSOs are seen to exhibit a pluralising function as they disperse the distribution of political power in s ociety through increasing channels of access (Hadenius Uggla, 1996) what Ndegwa (1996;3) terms the civil society political liberalisation thesis. Additionally, as Przewoski (1992) notes, CSOs also play a constitutive role in defining the rules of state/CSO interaction along democratic lines. Finally, the last perceived function of CSOs is facilitating localised empowerment, so communities can pursue their own development activities either through CSOs or as autonomous politically conscious citizens. This view posits the poor not as beneficiaries, but as controllers of the development process with the means to radically alter their own situation (Clark, 1991;201). However, for the sake of this essay, the above functions will be amalgamated into one role of facilitating participatory development the process through which stakeholders can influence and share control over development initiatives, decisions and resources that affect themselves (Worldbank, 1996b;4). This requires the participation of empowered groups in the design and implementation of development projects, and is dependent on a state open to pluralising the political arena to organisations such as CSOs who can demand accountability on behalf of their members. The[ma8] next section of this essay will outline the Voice2People programme rolled out by Christian Aid, which attempts to facilitate participatory development in Nigeria. A case of actually existing civil society Christian Aids Voice2People programme is a DFID funded programme worth  £2million (DFID, 2016), aiming to facilitate citizen-driven development and increased government accountability in Anambra State, Nigeria (Christian Aid, 2016;2). It is through this programme which aims to influence public development policy, that Christian Aid can be regarded as a CSO in its own right. Prior to the programme, the baseline report suggested that 54% of 1, 535 respondents in the area felt they were not able participate in making demands to state representatives, and that there was no accountability mechanism to ensure state compliance with local needs (Christian Aid, 2013;6-8). Consequently, the Voice2People community based programme utilised two strategies (outlined by Brown and Tandon;1994) in an attempt to rectify this democratic deficit (Warleigh, 2001;1). Firstly, Voice2People employed state reform strategies to secure agreements which guaranteed quarterly community engagement meetings, with the aim to precipitate democratic norms such as state accountability. Secondly, societal programmes such as the use of participatory rural appraisals (PRAs) intended to create community charters of needs, aiming to immerse all levels of community participation in development consultations (Christian Aid, 2016a;8). However, this next section will analyse the theoretical and practical barriers which constrain the Voice2People programme; an example of actually existing civil society (Mamdani, 1996:19); in achieving participatory development. Can Voice2People achieve participatory development? In the donor community, the perceived functions of CSOs are taken as normative and unproblematic. This is concerning as this next section will show, there are various theoretical and practical barriers which constrains actually existing civil society (in this case, the Voice2People programme) to achieving participatory development[ma9]. Theoretical barriers One[ma10] of the first theoretical constraints which limit the Voice2People programme and other CSO work in achieving participatory development, is the problematic dichotomy in which state and CSOs are theorised (Lewis, 2000). CSOs are perceived as autonomous agent able to impose community-formulated demands onto a democratic state. However, it is unwise to conceive civil society as unconstrained by the power of the state, as Hadenius and Uggla (1996) note, CSO inclusion is dependent on regime type, with autocratic regimes opposing CSO engagement due to desire to monopolise the political space (Clark, 1991[ma11]). Therefore, as Stewart (1997) suggests, the presence of CSOs does not instantly facilitate democratic engagement with states. In some cases, inclusion of CSOs into policy consultation is little more than PR to meet the criteria of debt relief. In the case of Voice2Protect, government legislation passed in July 2016 which requires a state-led regulatory body to oversee the wo rk of CSOs (Civicus, 2016), demonstrates the power of the Nigerian state in constraining the work of Voice2People. It is therefore too simplistic to theorise the state and CSOs as independent actors with equal agency in influencing public policy[ma12]. Moreover, it would also be unwise to suggest that even democratic states can adequately address the demands of CSOs, as due to the streamlining and weakening of state under structural adjustment, gridlock can occur, whereby the sheer volume of CSO interests and demands can lead to political impasse (Blair, 1997 in Lewis, 2002). This suggests that Voice2People is unable to achieve participatory development success either due to the constraining power of the state, or through lack of state capacity, notions largely ignored by the theoretical framework. This has led to the critique by some post-colonial scholars, who suggest that civil society as a concept has very little explanatory value for the complexities of African associational life (maia) which can include an autocratic state characterised by big men rule (cite). Therefore, although Voice2People established a working relationship with the House that was formalised with an agreement to hold quarterly meetings with members (Christian Aid, 2016;4), there are no constitutional mechanisms to guarantee the continuation of this interaction, and no clear capacity of the state to meet the demands forwarded by Voice2People. This is further evidenced by the Voice2People progress report which cites that citizens found it difficult to engage government officials si nce the governments lacked the financial power to undertaken any projects (Christian Aid, 2014;6). As well as the problematic dichotomy between state and CSOs, the theoretical underpinnings behind CSO led service provision also limits the extent to which Voice2People can achieve participatory development. Due to their closeness to intended beneficiaries, CSOs are regarded as ideal for replacing waning state services that have been decimated by structural adjustment (Carmody;2007). Empowerment therefore is economic in the liberal sense, as through the participation of contributing funds towards a community service project, one gets to become the controller of their own development. Voice2People utilises this approach to pacify the 46% of respondents who were not happy at allwith the level of state service provision (Christian Aid, 2013;6). Although seemingly locally appropriate, this approach is highly problematic as it reduces the concept of public welfare to mere private provision to the extent that citizens forego their sense of state entitlement (Kamat, 2003;156). CSO service p rovision, no matter how well intentioned, therefore reduces the state to a franchise state (Wood, 1997;1) ultimately unaccountable for the services provided to its citizens through other actors. Community based service provision as utilised by Voice2People therefore achieves very little democratic output, as any state accountability based on service provision is nullified, and replaced by self-dependency. Additionally, this project does little to increase development, as the limited financial accessibility of community funded services, means that the chronic poor seldom partake in this form of neoliberal participation and are thus excluded from accessing vital services. conclude [ma13][ma14] Practical constraints When aiming to facilitate participatory development, one of the practical constraints faced by Voice2Protect is the extent to which it can achieve full participation. In an attempt to facilitate inclusive participationVoice2People liaisons with established community structures (Christian Aid), to create charters of demands which prioritise community development needs (ibid). However, by working through established community structures such as chieftaincies, existing power relations are entrenched and reproduced (white). This new localism which essentialises established structures as microcosms of a homogenous community (mohan) is problematic, as it excludes traditionally ostracised groups from access to civil society participation. Additionally, community participation can also be co-opted by middle class hegemonic groups in a bid to access influences and resources (Mercer and green), often leading to disillusionment amongst the primordial public of traditionalist groups who interven tions aimed to target (Suiliman[ma15]). These issues occurred in the Voice2Project programme, whereby community mobilisation was misconstrued to have political bearings by stakeholders wanting to gain access (cite) and thus exclusive meetings were still utilised to buy-in community leadership for the middle classes(Cite). Conclude On a similar note, for Voice2Protect to achieve full democratic participation, there needs to be greater emphasis on the gendered implications of PRAs and other participatory tools, as some V2P communities are yet to adopt balanced representation in decision making platforms (cite). The time necessary to participate in decision making is problematic, as it reduces the time women dedicate to caregiving roles, therefore impeding female participation (Howell and Milligan[ma16]). This then leads to talking to men about women which is hardly democratic nor will ever understand the gendered development issues facing women as a group (Ardner). Concludeand addmore Additionally, one of the clearest practical factors constraining Voice2Protect in facilitating participatory development, is that contrary to building better citizens (archer), CSOs can often pluralise the political arena for the worst, incorporating the voice of extremist or violent community organisations (Lewis and Kanjii). A pluralised political arena thus legitimises vice as well as virtue (Robinson White, 1998;229), as well as ethnic chauvinism (diamond) as an exercise in liberal democracy. Although this does increase pluralised democratic output (for the better or for worse), such instances could indeed hinder inclusive community development, as can often become a platform for legitimising prejudices or community based structural violence[ma17][ma18][ma19]. more Finally, an additional practical limitation faced by Voice2People, is the problematic mode through which democratic participation is facilitated within its programmes. Ultimately, the Voice2People programme is externally facilitated by an NGO based CSO, unlike programmes led by traditionalist CSOs which arise out of indigenous community structures. This stems from a contradictive paradox of self-help, whereby external NGO based CSOs are deployed to facilitate empowerment in traditionalist settings (Page, 2014). The concern here is, that due to the nature of Voice2People as an external NGO directed programme, true participatory development is constrained as it foregoes the political conscientization necessary for true and sustainable empowerment. Evidently, by using NGO based CSOs as proxies for indigenous organisations[ma20], only artificial low intensity democracy can be achieved (Carmody). This artificial empowerment runs the risk of disintegrating once the NGO based CSO has withdr awn, and is therefore unsustainable and unable to exert continuous pressure for longstanding change. Since the timescale of the Voice2People programme had an end date of March 2016 (Christian Aid, 2016), one can suggest that due to the lack of endogenous indigenous programmes to guarantee democratic output, participatory development progress began to disintegrate after the withdrawal of Christian Aid. This suggests that the dichotomy theorised by Mamdani (1996;19), which bifurcates the normative perceptions of civil society and its actually existing form, is too simplistic to encapsulate the different issues faced by varying CSOs. Through homogenising the realities of all actually existing civil society, the dichotomy ignores the vastly different realities faced by NGO based CSOs in relation to indigenous organisations[ma21]. Conclusion Normative ideals as unattainable clear divergence to the reality fo actually existing civil society [ma1]democratic development paradigm (Banks, Edwards and Hulme; 2015, 710 [ma2]Since democracy is regarded as the requisite political system conducive to growth (Chan, 2002), [ma3]Make all this link a bit more [ma4]Something about beneficiary membership or something about closeness to them [ma5]This will become important later on [ma6]Link these two sections together better [ma7] [ma8]Make sure you notePD as requiring liberally moulded empowered citizen participation and a democratic and accountable state. [ma9]Describe theoretical as motivations beind and practical barriers and issues facing actual formation/methodology [ma10]Maybe link western concept here: universalism of normative ideal does not take into account the authoritarian big man state this suggests it is applicable to western experience only. Miaia Why are we pushing the concept it if has failed in the US (Carmoroff and Carmoroff) [ma11]Mandani state power is in the ability to incorporate [ma12]Conclude: how does this link to participatory development? How does this constrain V2P? [ma13] Moreover, it can also be argued that the envisioned concept of civil society is applicable only to the western experience and thus in reality, can achieve very little democratic or developmental progress elsewhere (Lewis, 2003). In this sense, donor support for CSOs is misguided, as the theoretical framework used to mould civil society in Eastern Europe after the fall of communism, has very little explanatory value for the complexities of African associational life such as the constraining power of tribe and caste (Maina). It also ignores the need of a democratic tradition to perpetuate democratic norms within civil society, as an earlier point states, the presence of CSOs such as Voice2People, does not necessarily equate to democracy. Additionally, the limited western definition of CSOs may lead to duplication of efforts to build civil society where an indigenous form already exists (Uggla). This dissonance of the legitimacy to alternatives to western defined CSOs limits true democr acy due to the monopolisation of the political sphere by one homogenous form of CSO (hearn, 2001). When the wrong kinds of CSO are excluded, how can participatory development occur? (Banks Edwards and Hulme). Actually existing civil society cannot therefore lead to full participatory development, as the attributes of civil society itself, are western and ungeneralizable to the Nigerian case. Link to V2P. conclude [ma14] [ma15]say this too much reword this so it isnt repetitive [ma16]needs to link more [ma17]need an example of V2P and how this is not participatory can prejudices lead to the deliberate exclusion of others in participation the need for monitors has reflected this [ma18]it is in this sense that White cites the possibility of CS impeding democracy by gives rise to a multiplicity of distinct structures of dominance and subordinacy [ma19]find example of this in CA policy doccs [ma20]I can only stress that throughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [ma21]add example of this from CA policy docc

Illustrate to audiences Essay

This is the scene in which the confrontation between Maggie and Hobson in takes place in the living room. Prior to this scene Maggie has informed Hobson that she is â€Å"Going to marry Willie†. Hobson does not want Maggie to get married but he doesn’t mind Vickey and Alice getting married because they are of less use around the shop and home. Hobson does not want Maggie to get a husband because he is selfish. Maggie is the daughter that is the most businesslike and helps him with the shop regularly. If Maggie were to marry, Hobson would have to do some proper work in the shop. This scene starts with Maggie speaking to Hobson saying â€Å"You and l’ull be straight with one another, father. I’m not a fool and you’re not a fool, and things may as well be put in their places as left untidy†. Here Maggie is very direct in speaking and this is signposting to the audience that there is going to be a confrontation.  Hobson replies with indignation by saying â€Å"You can’t have Willie Mossop. Why, lass, his father was a workhouse brat†. This is an example of the class differences again as Hobson is a shopkeeper and Willie is one of the working class. Willie had come from a poor background and the penniless poor like his father were taken to these workhouses and put to ‘use’. To this Maggie replies â€Å"It’s news to me we’re snobs in Salford. This line would have been humorous to audiences of the past and present because Salford has always been a working town. Hobson is here concerned about his image within the community and about what his friends will think of him in the Moonrakers. Hobson illustrates these thoughts when he says â€Å"I’d be the laughing-stock of the place if I allowed it. I won’t have it, Maggie†. Hobson then tries to justify his stance by adding â€Å"It’s hardly decent at your time of life†. One aspect in which audiences of the past would react differently to audiences of the present is when Hobson says â€Å"It’s hardly decent at your time of life† (Maggie is only 30). However, at the time this book was written people married an awful lot younger, mainly because the average life expectancy back then was a lot younger. Whereas in our days people marry at this age and older still. Therefore, audiences of past and present would react differently. An audience of the past may have thought this comment was amusing, however, an audience of the present may not think it was such a big deal and may also look on it from Maggie’s point of view as a demoralizing comment. However, Hobson’s selfish snobbish ways would make audiences of both past and present want Maggie to marry Willie just to spite Hobson for his pathetic behaviour. An audience of the past would have found Maggie’s next line â€Å"And now I’ll tell you my terms† amusing because it is an example of role reversal because in those days the man was the master and was in charge and he was the one who laid down the terms and rules.  Maggie then goes on to state her terms, telling her father how much she believes her and Willie should be paid. To this Hobson replies, â€Å"Do you think I’m made of brass?† – brass is colloquialism for money. This line would have been amusing to an audience of the past because this is how the people in the streets in that area spoke like and they would be able to associate to it. A present audience may also have found this line amusing, however, some may not have understood it. Hobson tries to reassert his authority by shouting â€Å"I’ll show you what I propose, Maggie†. He then lifts up the trap door and shouts â€Å"Will Mossop!† He then unbuckles his belt and says to Maggie â€Å"I cannot leather you, my lass. You’re female, and exempt, but I can leather him†. Audiences of the present would be quite shocked by this behaviour as it is not a part of modern, civilized society any more. Such violence is frowned upon in our day. However, in the past, audiences would have been familiar with the term a good leathering, it would have been a regular occurrence. Therefore, they may have found this amusing rather than shocking. Hobson continues to try to assert his authority when he says to Willie â€Å"You’ve fallen on misfortune. Love’s led you astray†. He then says, â€Å"I don’t bear Malice, but we must beat the love from your body†. However, this backfires on Hobson when Willie says â€Å"You’ll not beat love in me†. Audiences of the past would have enjoyed this repliance because it is the little man against the boss and in those days the boss had all authority. Willie goes on to aggravate Hobson even more when he says â€Å"I’m none wanting thy Maggie, it’s her that’s after me, but I’ll tell you this, Mr Hobson: If you touch me with that belt, I’ll take her quick, aye, and stick to her like glue†. Again, audiences of the past would have enjoyed this because it is the little man against the all-powerful boss. Present audiences would have enjoyed this too because it would have illustrated Willies determination and independence. After being struck with the belt by Hobson for his remarks, Willie then says to Maggie out of rage â€Å"I’ve none kissed you yet. I shirked before. But, by gum, I’ll kiss you now†. He then kisses Maggie, not with passion but with temper. Audiences of past and present would have enjoyed this part because it is a bit of romantic comedy and Willie is standing up to Hobson, who doesn’t know what to do next. Also, from this scene, audiences of past and present would have observed that Maggie and Willie are sensible, practical and have a mature way of thinking. These characters would make Hobson’s anti-social behaviour more noticeable to the audiences. Finally, carrying on in his new found self-confidence, Willie adds â€Å"And if Mr Hobson raises up that strap again, I’ll do more. I’ll walk straight out of shop with thee and us two ‘ull set up for ourselves. Audiences of the past and present would have enjoyed this scene because not only is Hobson shocked by what Willie has said (Hobson stands in amazed indecision) but Willie is also shocked by the confidence he showed when he stood up to Hobson. Scene Four  The final section of the play I will examine is Act Three, pages 44 – 47.  This section follows on from a scene in which Hobson, drunk from a night in the Moonrakers, fell down a pub cellar and woke up to find he had received a fine for trespassing. Upon this charge Hobson goes to Maggie’s house on her wedding day, in the hope of some help from her.  In this section the roles of Maggie and Hobson are totally reversed. In this scene, Maggie is instead the one who is in charge, while Hobson has to take a more reserved, subservient stance; as he feels that his future is in her hands. This scene begins with a knock on the door and Hobson shouting â€Å"Are you in, Maggie?† Vickey, Maggie’s sister proclaims, â€Å"It’s father!† in a terrified voice. Albert, who is Vickey’s fianc, then adds â€Å"Oh, Lord†, whereas Maggie simply says, â€Å"What’s the matter? Are you afraid of him?† This would inform the audience that there may be a confrontational moment ahead.  Maggie soon takes charge of the situation by telling everybody, except Willie to go into the bedroom and that she’ll shout them before he’s gone. To this order Vickey then says â€Å"But we don’t want-â€Å", to which Maggie interrupts â€Å"Is this your house or mine?† and Vickey answers, â€Å"It’s your cellar†. Maggie then replies by saying â€Å"And I’m in charge of it†. Both audiences of the past and of the present would have found Vickey’s line amusing where she gets back at Maggie by illustrating the stark contrast of a house to a cellar. They also would have been amused by the fact that Maggie reasserts herself (I’m in charge of it) although she says to Willie you’re gaffer here whilst ordering him to sit down. Hobson is then invited in by Willie, who is now in the role of the master of the house. Audiences of the past and the present would have found it amusing when Maggie says, â€Å"You can sit down for five minutes, father. That sofa ‘ull bear your weight†. This line would also illustrate to audiences that Maggie is not threatened by Hobson and makes light of his arrival.  Maggie again shows that she is in charge when Willie says to Hobson â€Å"A piece of pork pie† and Hobson replies groaningly â€Å"Pork pie!† To this reply, Maggie pulls Hobson up sharply by saying â€Å"You’ll be sociable now you’re here, I hope†. Audiences of the past would have appreciated this amusing line because Maggie is pulling her father up sharp and she is in control in a commanding authority. Maggie’s authority is further displayed when she says to Hobson â€Å"Happen a piece of wedding cake ‘ull do you good†. Eating the cake Hobson shudders saying â€Å"It’s sweet† to which Maggie replies â€Å"That’s natural in cake†. Audiences of the past and present would have found this humorous because Hobson enjoys a drink, and being an alcoholic he cannot tolerate sweet things. This is made even more amusing when Maggie pushes the cake towards him and says, â€Å"Then there’s your cake, and you can eat it†, to which Hobson pushes the cake away but Maggie pushes it back again, giving Hobson no choice but to eat it, to which Hobson replies â€Å"You’re a hard woman† as he eats the cake and, as illustrated in the film Maggie watches over him as he eats it. This scene where Maggie forces Hobson to eat the cake would have been amusing to audiences past and present as well as viewed as something significant to all audiences as Maggie has already said â€Å"I’ve a wish to see my father sitting at my table eating my wedding cake on my wedding-day. Conclusion Harold Brighouse’s play Hobson’s Choice is a valuable document of what English society was like in 1915 (when it was written) and 1880 (when it takes place). I believe the play provides us with an important and useful insight to what society was like in those days in Britain as it provides us with an insight into the varying classes of people, how they were treated and their attitudes towards others. In Hobson’s Choice, Maggie, the daughter of Hobson, marries against her fathers wishes much to Hobson’s discomfort and dismay. There are similar themes such as this in modern society today, which are in some ways related to this theme illustrated in Hobson’s Choice. For example, members of families sometimes run away from home in the hope of being with someone who they would otherwise not be able to be with under their parents influence, or to simply escape from a home in which they feel much discomfort in. Also, just like in Hobson’s Choice, children in modern society today marry against their parent’s wishes in order to be with someone. I think audiences of the past and the present would have reacted similar and would have found the play humorous as it shows the underdog or the person who had nothing, Willie winning against someone who had everything, a shop owner and a pillar of society, Hobson. In Hobson’s Choice, Willie was a member of the poorer people and it was obvious that there was a barrier between him, who worked in a cellar, and those such as Hobson who owned the shop. However, today this barrier between the rich and the poor still exists more than ever, so it is clear that some things haven’t changed. I personally enjoyed Hobson’s Choice as I found it amusing throughout and it was an interesting and enjoyable story the way it illustrated what Salford was like in those days and how people were treated according to their class. My favourite parts of the story were probably when Willie stood up to Hobson under Maggie’s watchful eye and walked out of the shop with her, much to Hobson’s amazement, and when Maggie told Willie that he was the man for her and he sat down complete shock and amazement. If I was in the audience I would have enjoyed these parts because they are some of the most amusing parts of the play, mainly because of the way Willie acts. For example, it is amusing when Willie is shocked by the prospect of marriage and he sits down mopping his brow and says in a shocked voice, â€Å"I’m feeling queer-like† – this is highly amusing as the poor man is taken back. In the play Maggie comes across as the strongest character and somebody whom feminists within today’s society would be able to identify. Although in the era when the play set Maggie would have been a very unusual character. The character I would be most sympathetic with in the play would be Willie. This is because he is controlled throughout the play and he was the one who seemed to receive the most punishment, such as when Hobson tries to strike him with a belt for taking up with Maggie, even though he did not do the taking up. However, he would be the character I admire the most because of the way he didn’t give under the pressure of Hobson and stuck by Maggie.